NOUNS - PLURALS

IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

PREPOSITIONS - OF PLACE

THIS - THAT - THESE - THOSE

THERE IS - ARE

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable Nouns (Los nombres contables)

Los nombres o sustantivos contables son aquellos que se pueden contar.

Ejemplos:

one [a] pencil(un lápiz)

two cats(dos gatos)

three houses(tres casas)

Uncountable Nouns (Los nombres incontables)

Los nombres o sustantivos incontables son aquellos que no podemos contar porque no los podemos delimitar individualmente sino que forman parte de un todo. Son tratados como singulares (no se pueden hacer plurales añadiendo “-s”).

 salt (sal),  wood (madera),  tea (té),  wine (vino),  sugar (azúcar),  bread (pan),  furniture (muebles),  hair (pelo),
 information (información),  money (dinero),  weather (tiempo),
 time (tiempo),  rice (arroz)…

Sin embargo, en el momento que los delimitamos, estos mismos nombres o sustantivos pasan a ser contables. Deberán ir precedidos, si quieren individualizarse, de alguna palabra con
valor partitivo.

Ejemplos:

a gram of salt(un gramo de sal)

a piece of wood(un trozo de madera)

two cups of tea(dos tazas de té)

three glasses of wine(tres vasos de vino)

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

1. Nombres contables tienen una forma plural:

Ejemplos:

egg → eggs(huevo/s)

bicycle → bicycles(bicicleta/s)

dress → dresses(vestido/s)

Nombres incontables no tienen una forma plural:

rice(arroz)

rices

milk(leche)

milks

2. Se puede usar “a” o “an” con nombres contables en singular:

Ejemplos:

an apple(una manzana)

a house(una casa)

No podemos usar “a” o “an” con nombres incontables.

a milk

3. Se pueden usar números delante de un contable:

Ejemplos:

three apples(tres manzanas)

five houses(cinco casas)

No podemos usar números delante de un incontable.

two rices

https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-basico/nouns/countable-and-uncountable-nouns

TO BE - SIMPLE PRESENT

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech.htm

Parts of Speech

What is a Part of Speech?
We can categorize English words into 9 basic types called "parts of speech" or "word classes". It's quite important to recognize parts of speech. This helps you to analyze sentences and understand them. It also helps you to construct good sentences.

• Parts of Speech Table
• Parts of Speech Examples
• Parts of Speech Quiz

Parts of Speech Table

This is a summary of the 9 parts of speech*. You can find more detail if you click on each part of speech.

part of speech	function or "job"	example words	example sentences
Verb	action or state	(to) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must	EnglishClub is a web site. I like EnglishClub.
Noun	thing or person	pen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John	This is my dog. He lives in my house. We live in London.
Adjective	describes a noun	good, big, red, well, interesting	My dogs are big. I like big dogs.
Determiner	limits or "determines" a noun	a/an, the, 2, some, many	I have two dogs and some rabbits.
Adverb	describes a verb, adjective or adverb	quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really	My dog eats quickly. When he is very hungry, he eats really quickly.
Pronoun	replaces a noun	I, you, he, she, some	Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.
Preposition	links a noun to another word	to, at, after, on, but	We went to school on Monday.
Conjunction	joins clauses or sentences or words	and, but, when	I like dogs and I like cats. I like cats and dogs. I like dogs but I don't like cats.
Interjection	short exclamation, sometimes inserted into a sentence	oh!, ouch!, hi!, well	Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are you? Well, I don't know.

* Some grammar sources traditionally categorize English into 8 parts of speech. Others say 10. At EnglishClub, we use the more recent categorization of 9 parts of speech. Examples of other categorizations are:

• Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech:
  • lexical Verbs (work, like, run)
  • auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)
• Determiners may be treated as adjectives, instead of being a separate part of speech.

Parts of Speech Examples

Here are some examples of sentences made with different English parts of speech:

verb
Stop!

noun	verb
John	works.

noun	verb	verb
John	is	working.

pronoun	verb	noun
She	loves	animals.

noun	verb	noun	adverb
Tara	speaks	English	well.

noun	verb	adjective	noun
Tara	speaks	good	English.

pronoun	verb	preposition	determiner	noun	adverb
She	ran	to	the	station	quickly.

pron.	verb	adj.	noun	conjunction	pron.	verb	pron.
She	likes	big	snakes	but	I	hate	them.

Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech:

interjection	pron.	conj.	det.	adj.	noun	verb	prep.	noun	adverb
Well,	she	and	my	young	John	walk	to	school	slowly.

Words with More Than One Job

Many words in English can have more than one job, or be more than one part of speech. For example, "work" can be a verb and a noun; "but" can be a conjunction and a preposition; "well" can be an adjective, an adverb and an interjection. In addition, many nouns can act as adjectives.
To analyze the part of speech, ask yourself: "What job is this word doing in this sentence?"
In the table below you can see a few examples. Of course, there are more, even for some of the words in the table. In fact, if you look in a good dictionary you will see that the word "but" has six jobs to do:

• verb, noun, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjunction!

word	part of speech	example
work	noun	My work is easy.
	verb	I work in London.
but	conjunction	John came but Mary didn't come.
	preposition	Everyone came but Mary.
well	adjective	Are you well?
	adverb	She speaks well.
	interjection	Well! That's expensive!
afternoon	noun	We ate in the afternoon.
	noun acting as adjective	We had afternoon tea.

ADJECTIVES - WORD ORDER

What is an Adjective?

adjective (noun): a part-of-speech that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

An adjective is one of the eight parts of speech.

An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun. It "describes" or "modifies" a noun (The big dog was hungry). In these examples, the adjective is in bold and the noun that it modifies is in italics.

An adjective often comes BEFORE a noun:

• a green car
• a dark sky
• an interesting story

And sometimes an adjective comes AFTER a verb:

• My car is green.
• The sky became dark.
• His story seemed interesting.

But adjectives can also modify pronouns (She is beautiful). Look at these examples:

• They were empty.
• I thought it seemed strange.
• Those are not expensive.

Note that we can often use two or more adjectives together (a beautiful young French lady / it is black and white).

The adjective is the enemy of the noun

This is sometimes said because, very often, if we use the precise noun we don't need an adjective. For example, instead of saying "a large, impressive house" (2 adjectives + 1 noun) we could simply say "a mansion" (1 noun).

Adjective Form

Some adjectives have particular endings, for example:

• -able/-ible: washable, credible
• -ish/-like: childish, childlike
• -ful/-less: careful, careless
• -ous: dangerous, harmonious
• -y: dirty, pretty

However, many adjectives have no obvious form.

Comparative, Superlative

Most adjectives can be comparative or superlative, for example:

• big, bigger, biggest
• good, better, best
• beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful

https://www.englishclub.com/esl-games/grammar/adjectives-synonyms-1.htm

SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PRESENT

EL "SIMPLE PRESENT" SE UTILIZA:

§  Para expresar hábitos y rutinas, hechos generales, acciones repetidas o situaciones, emociones y deseos permanentes:
I smoke (hábito); I work in London (permanencia); London is a large city (hecho general)

§  Para dar instrucciones o indicaciones:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

§  Para hablar de eventos programados, presentes o futuros:
Your exam starts at 09.00.

EJEMPLOS

§  Hábitos y rutinas
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.

§  Eventos y acciones repetidos
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.

§  Hechos generales
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.

§  Instrucciones o indicaciones
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

§  Eventos programados
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March

§  Construcciones de futuro
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.

Normally in the present tense we add S to the end of the verb in the 3rd person (He, She, It).

Verb	3rd Person
Speak	Speaks
Play	Plays
Give	Gives
Make	Makes

• He speaks three languages.
• She drinks coffee every morning.
• My dog hates my cat.

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs in English in the present tense follow very simple rules. The only change that is made to these verbs is in the third person – for He, She or It.

1. If the verb ends in SS, X, CH, SH or the letter O, we add + ES in the third person.

Verb	3rd Person
Kiss	Kisses
Fix	Fixes
Watch	Watches
Crash	Crashes
Go	Goes

• A mechanic fixes cars.
• She watches soap operas every afternoon.
• He kisses his wife before he goes to work.

2. If the verb ends in a Consonant + Y, we remove the Y and + IES in the third person.

Verb	3rd Person
Carry	Carries
Hurry	Hurries
Study	Studies
Deny	Denies

• Isabel studies every night.
• The baby cries all the time.
• He denies all responsibility.

Negative Sentence

To form the negative we use the auxiliary do not. Again, the only variation occurs in the 3rd person where we use does not.

Positive	Negative
I talk	I do not talk
She talks	She does not talk
You sleep	You do not sleep
He sleeps	He does not sleep
Carol studies	Carol does not study
We study	We do not study

In the negative, the main verb is always in the bare infinitive (without TO). It doesn't change for the third person. We don't put an S on the end of the verb in the negative form. In the examples above - talk, sleep and study do not change in the 3rd person.

• He speaks Italian
  He doesn't speak Italian.

Remember: Do not can be abbreviated to Don't and Does not can be abbreviated to Doesn't.

Word Order of Questions with Do and Does

The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English using Do or Does.

Do/Does	Subject	Verb*	The rest of the sentence
Do	I / you / we / they	have / buy eat / like etc.	cereal for breakfast?
Does	he / she / it

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Questions with Do and Does:

• Do you speak English?
• Does John speak French?
• Do we have time for a quick drink?
• Does it rain a lot in the South?
• Do they want to come with me?
• Does she like chocolate?

Short Answers with Do and Does

In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows:

Sample Questions	Short Answer (Affirmative)	Short Answer (Negative)
Do you speak English?	Yes, I do.	No, I don't.
Do I need a dictionary?	Yes, you do.	No, you don't.
Do you both speak English?	Yes, we do.	No, we don't.
Do they speak English?	Yes, they do.	No, they don't.
Does he speak English?	Yes, he does.	No, he doesn't.
Does she speak English?	Yes, she does.	No, she doesn't.
Does it have four legs?	Yes, it does.	No, it doesn't.

However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question.

Question Words with Do and Does

The order for making sentences with Questions words is the following:

Question Word	Do/Does	Subject	Verb
What	do	you	have for breakfast?
What	does	she	have for breakfast?
Where	do	you	live?
When	do	you	study?
How	do	you	spell your name?